Important note about APA Reference Examples
According to APA Publication Manual, 7th ed., rule 9.43, the entire References list is double spaced. Due to space limitations, the example APA references provided are single spaced.
References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for an e-textbook.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs or DOIs.
Format for an eTextbook Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author. | (Date). | Title. | Source | |
Publisher Name |
DOI or URL Note: End reference with DOI |
|||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. OR Editor, E. E. (Ed.). |
(2020). | Title of book. Title of book (3rd ed.). |
Publisher name. |
https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxx.xx OR https://www.wwwwww.www OR Permalink |
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Textual Works, section 10.1 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 321).
Textbook | |
Reference | In-Text Citation |
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). E-textbook title: Subtitle (Number ed.). Publisher. https://URL
Grant, K. B., & Ray, J. A. (2018). Home, school, and community collaboration: Culturally responsive family engagement (4th ed.). Sage. https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781506365725/cfi/6/2!/4/2/2@0:0 |
(Grant & Ray, 2018). OR Grant and Ray (2018) discuss... |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for an eBook.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs or DOIs.
Format for an eBook Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author. | (Date). | Title. | Source | |
Publisher Name |
DOI or URL Note: End reference with DOI. |
|||
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. OR Editor, E. E. (Ed.). OR Group Author. |
(2020). | Title of book. Title of book (3rd ed.). |
Publisher name. |
https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxx.xx OR Permalink |
Book from the Online Library | |
Reference | In-Text Citation |
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. http://URL OR Permalink
Lau, J. Y. F. (2011). An introduction to critical thinking and creativity: Think more, think better. Wiley. https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/an-introduction-to/9780470195093/OEBPS/c01.htm |
(Lau, 2011).
OR
Lau (2011) describes... |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for course content.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs.
Format for Course Content Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author. | (Date). | Title. | Source | |
Author, A. A. OR Rasmussen University. |
(2020). | Module xx: Title of lesson [Lesson content]. | LMS Name. (i.e., BlackBoard Ultra) |
https://www.wwwwww.www |
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Audiovisual Media Works, section 10.11 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 347).
Rasmussen University Online Course Content | |
Reference | In-Text Citation |
Rasmussen University. (Year). Module number: Title of lesson [Lesson content]. LMS Name. https://URL Rasmussen University. (2021). Module 05: Management skills [Lesson content]. BlackBoard Ultra. https://learning.rasmussen.edu/ultra/course |
(Rasmussen University, 2022). OR In module 05, the Rasmussen University (2022) lesson describes... |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for a course lecture.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs.
Format for Live Lecture Archive Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author. | (Date). | Title. | Source | |
Author, A. A. |
(2022, Month Day). | Module XX: Title of lecture [Lecture recording]. | Institution Name. |
https://www.wwwwww.www |
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Audiovisual Media, section 10.11 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 342).
Online Lecture Archive | |
Reference | In-Text Citation |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Module number: Title of lecture [Lecture recording]. Name of Institution. https://URL
DeStefano, T. E. (2021, July15). Module 02: Industrialized countries and its democracies [Lecture recording]. Rasmussen University. http://rasmussen.webex.com/rasmussen.ldr.php?RCID |
(DeStefano, 2021). OR In the lecture, Professor DeStefano (2021), described... |
NOTE: Citing information gathered while listening to a lecture as it is being delivered-- and is not recorded-- would be considered a "personal communication" because it would be unrecoverable. Personal Communications are only cited in the text using this format:
Narrative Citation: ...A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year)...
Parenthetical citation: (A. Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for a PowerPoint presentation embedded in a course.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs.
Format for Course Content Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Author. | (Date). | Title. | Source | |
Author, A. A. OR Rasmussen University. |
(2020, Month Day). OR (n.d.). |
Module xx: Title of lecture [PowerPoint slides]. | LMS Name. |
https://www.wwwwww.www |
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Visual Works, section 10.14 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 347).
PowerPoint Slides Posted in Online Class | |
Reference | In-Text Citation |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Module number: Title of PowerPoint presentation [PowerPoint slides]. LMS Name. https://URL
Schumar, J. F. (2021, August 10). Module 01: Introduction to the respiratory system [PowerPoint slides]. BlackBoard Ultra. https://learning.rasmussen.edu/ultra/course |
(Schumar, 2021). OR In the PowerPoint slides, Schumar (2021) displayed... |
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000