References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for an eBook.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs or DOIs.
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Textual Works, section 10.1 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 321).
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
According to Rule 9.34, "For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available...The reference should be the same as the reference for the print version of the work" (APA, 2020, p.299).
Rasmussen Rule
APA does allow institutions to modify rules in some instances. When a resource from a library database does not have a DOI, and a permalink for that resource is available, the permalink is included in the source element of the reference for Rasmussen University course assignments.
NOTE: Professional scholarly works, such as DNP Projects or articles meant for publication, must follow rule 9.34; permalinks are not included in the reference.
| Book with One Author | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. http://URL OR Permalink
Skloot, R. (2010). The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks. Crown. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=721708&site=eds-live&custid=s9076023&ebv=EK&ppid=Page-__-1 Print Book
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Skloot, R. (2010). The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks. Crown. |
(Skloot, 2010).
OR
Skloot (2010) mentioned that... |
| Book with Two Authors | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. http://URL OR Permalink
France, K., & Weikle, K. (2014). Helping skills for human service workers: Building relationships and encouraging productive change (3rd ed.). Charles C. Thomas. http://ezproxy.rasmussen.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=853969&site=eds-live Print Book Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
France, K., & Weikle, K. (2020). Helping skills for human service workers: Building relationships and encouraging productive change (4th ed.). Charles C. Thomas. |
(France & Weikle, 2020).
OR
France and Weikle (2020) describe the relationship... |
| Book with Three or More Authors | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. URL OR Permalink
Carter, R., Maxa, S., Sanders, M., Day, B., & Meggs, P. B. (2015). Typographic design: Form and communication (6th ed.). Wiley. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=862096&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s9076023&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_C1 Print Book
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Carter, R., Maxa, S., Sanders, M., Day, B., & Meggs, P. B. (2015). Typographic design: Form and communication (6th ed.). Wiley. |
(Carter et al., 2015).
OR
Carter et al. (2015) demonstrate that... |
| Book with Group Author | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Name of Organization. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. https://URL or Permalink
World Health Organization. (2008). Training manual on disability statistics. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=225831&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s9076023&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover Print Book
Name of Organization. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
World Health Organization. (2008). Training manual on disability statistics.
Note: If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher in the source segment. |
(World Health Organization, 2008).
OR
In the training manual, the World Health Organization (2008) instructs researchers to... |
| Book with Editor | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher. https://URL or Permalink
Rimer, J. T., & Gessel, V. C. (Eds.). (2011). The Columbia anthology of modern Japanese literature. Columbia University Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=584820&site=eds-live&custid=s9076023&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover Print Book
Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Publisher.
Rimer, J. T., & Gessel, V. C. (Eds.). (2011). The Columbia anthology of modern Japanese literature. Columbia University Press. |
(Rimer & Gessel, 2011).
OR
Rimer and Gessel (2011) included... |
| Book with Second or Later Edition | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Electronic
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (edition number ed.). Publisher. https://DOI or Permalink
Deen, D., Ashton, K., & Hark, L. (2012). The nurse practitioner's guide to nutrition (2nd ed.). Wiley. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=481902&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s9076023&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_C1
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (edition number ed.). Publisher.
Deen, D., Ashton, K., & Hark, L. (2012). The nurse practitioner's guide to nutrition (2nd ed.). Wiley. |
(Deen et al., 2012).
OR
According to Deen, Ashton, and Hark (2012) advising patients... |
| Book Chapter | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor's First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Book title (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. https://URL or Permalink
O’Rourke, T. G., & Greene, E. (2017). Sky-high energy in classroom 5. In P. D. Pizzo (Ed.), Teaching and leading with emotional intelligence: A dilemma-based casebook for early care and education (pp. 42-61). Teachers College Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ras/reader.action?docID=5202683&ppg=65 Print Book
Author's Last Name, First Initial., Middle Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Editor's First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher.
O’Rourke, T. G., & Greene, E. (2017). Sky-high energy in classroom 5. In P. D. Pizzo (Ed.), Teaching and leading with emotional intelligence: A dilemma-based casebook for early care and education (pp. 42-61). Teachers College Press. |
(O’Rourke & Greene, 2017).
OR
O’Rourke & Greene (2017) describe... |
| Entry in a Reference Book | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
eBook
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor's First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of reference book (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher. https://URL or Permalink
Leap, J. M. (2011). Gang subculture. In B. A. Arrigo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of criminal justice ethics (Vol. 1, pp. 380-384). Sage. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=882322&site=eds-live&custid=s9076023&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_380 Print Book
Author's Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor's First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed), Title of reference book (pp. xxx-xxx). Publisher.
Leap, J. M. (2011). Gang subculture. In B. A. Arrigo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of criminal justice ethics (Vol. 1, pp. 380-384). Sage. |
(Leap, 2011).
OR
Leap (2011) included... |
Find example references for a wide variety of resource types in APA Academic Writer. Click on the Learn tab, then click on the Go to Sample References button. Scroll through the alphabetical list of resource types and click on the type that matches the resource you are citing to view an example reference. Click the Learn More link for additional information.
