References are composed of four elements:
Author. (Date). Title. Source.
Use the chart below to identify the pieces of information needed to create a reference for audio or visual work.
Note: Each element of the reference ends with a period except URLs or DOIs.
Note. Adapted from Reference Examples, Audiovisual Media, section 10.12 in the Publication Manual (7th ed.) (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 342).
Author Segment: Use the chart below to determine the author of the audio or visual work being cited:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Images Reproduced From Source Material
Images, charts, or graphs that have been reproduced or adapted from source material and inserted in a research assignment require a copyright attribution statement. This statement appears below the image or chart in a Note. Use the table below to construct the attribution statement.
Example:
Note. From Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html). In the public domain.
Note about the use of clip art and stock photos found online:
See these articles from the APA Style Experts for more information:
| PowerPoint Slides | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of slide presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. http://URL
Belshaw, D. (2012, June 9). TELIC: The essential elements of digital literacies [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. http://slideshare.net/dagbelshaw/telic-the-essential-elements-of-digital-literacies |
(Belshaw, 2012). OR At the conclusion of the presentation, Belshaw (2012) reiterated that... |
| Film or Video | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Director's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production Company. https://URL
Stone, O. (Director). (2010). Wall Street: Money never sleeps [Film]. 20th Century Fox. |
(Stone, 2010). OR In his movie, Stone (2010) highlights... |
| Streamed Video | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Producer's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Video platform. https://URL
Ferrer, E. (2020, September 7). It’s about time [Video]. Vimeo. |
(Ferrer, 2020). OR In this animated video, Ferrer (2020) highlights... |
| Single Episode from a Television Series | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Writer's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Writer), & Director's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Director). (Year). Title of episode [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer's First Initial, Middle Initial. Last Name (Executive Producer), Title of television series. Production Company. https://URL
Wilmore, L. (Writer), & Feig, P. (Director). (2005). Performance review [TV series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive Producer), The office. NBC Universal Television. |
(Wilmore & Feig, 2005).
OR
In this episode, Wilmore and Feig (2005) include... |
| Podcast | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Host's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production Company. https://URL
Abumrad, J., & Lechtenberg, S. (Hosts). (2020, May 6). Dispatch 5: Don’t stop believin’ [Audio podcast]. Radiolab. https://wnycstudios.org/podcast/radiolab/articles/dispatch-5-dont-stop-believin |
(Abumrad & Lechtenberg, 2020). OR In the podcast, Abumrad and Lechtenberg (2020) talk about... |
| Music Recording | |
| Reference | In-Text Citation |
|
Recording Artist Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Title of song [Song]. On Album title. Recording Company.
Clarkson, K. (2015). Heartbeat song [Song]. On Piece by piece. RCA. |
(Clarkson, 2015). OR In the song, Clarkson (2015) expresses… |
Find example references for a wide variety of resource types in APA Academic Writer. Click on the Learn tab, then click on the Go to Sample References button. Scroll through the alphabetical list of resource types and click on the type that matches the resource you are citing to view an example reference. Click the Learn More link for additional information.
